A Brief Account Of The Solar System

A

f BRIEF ACCOUNT/

or

THE SOLAU SYSTEM,

IN ENGLISH;

WITH

THE TRANSLATION INK) HINDI STAN! ;

AKR.^ISGED A8 REABIING LE8SON&
Clit &t

* Tht* hcavc')'^ t:li»iy (>r 0 d,

‘‘ And the dit'vvcfh in Lu^idy wofk,'^

Day unto lUto. ' J,!*

“ And niijlit u.-.to niii't j l oilan*'- U. L’dge.”
“ The world:? »» ‘v fi. oi' -' hy C-e woid nt r»ovl.‘'
He hiingeih 'lo rr.vth vI]'mh notliiov/'

By hiti Spitit he hath giinlss.Ml '.be h'>..j\on'i ’*

CalTUltff :

itllNTED AT THE BAPTIST IJlS-iON PUESS t IRi TL ^ SI KPAn.

rO BE HAD OF T, OSTELL, PUlfJSH HRH vRY, CALCUTTA; ANh
AT ALL THE Ul'TOcilTOIHES OI TIIK T^LCCTTA
SCHOOL-BOOjC nOI ietv,

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PREFACE.

The knowledge of the West, as It reg'ards
the East, is now scaled aj> iu the languages of
Europe; and the most important step towards
bestowing upon In<lia the moral treasures of
the civilized world, is to open, as extensively
as possible, the tninea from tchenbe instruefion
maif be d>-awn, that the people may enrich
themselves.

English, being- the language of the rulers
of India, must be tiic chief dep-Ksitory from
w'heuce those treasures can be obtained ; and
the more that language is put in possession
of the intelligeul amongst the people, the
more rapidly will they transfer the new and
regenerating wisdom, which it contains, into
the circulating medium of the country, the
vernacular languages, the onhj channch through
which moral and infellcclual improvemcHt can
reach the mass of the inhabit aats.

It seems most desirable, therefore, that
means should be multiplied to facilitate the
study of English, and that care be t.iken, even
in the mechanical process of learning the Inn-
gnage, that the scholar should, at the same

IV

lime, he enlavt;!.'Lr liis mind, and improvins^
his heart by the ie sons taug’ht. Much benefit
mav he expecU d (o result to the inhabitants
oi' India from tiie study of A.sfronomj/, because
the native mind is at this moment, from the
Prince to tho noavaiit, in the daily affairs of
life, blindly^ e.uided by the moveirienis and
positions of the jdunets in the heavens, to an
exteift of wlil< !'i tiie iinropcan nuutl has hut
a feeble (amceptioii ; it seems then of import-
ance, that just idins should la; imjjarted
of the planetary sy' ^em, nou cxercisinsi an
intluencc so powerful upon aiiuost eveiy
finaily in ihe laud

There isseai'iciy any villa^je throu^in-ut
India, however poor, which >iucs not ui iintain
its astro/oi^cr, wh.o is usually' a lirahiinn, to
constdf ihe position of the planr-Js, and fo
diciate io tlic inhai itants the !>i opif ions times
and seasons for al! their important umh rtak-
ine's, or wiicthcr they' should he. pursued, or
aiaindoncd.

'ihcre arc. <,)fcoiirse\ many exceptions; hut,
■speaking- gcMCiaily, it may he said, that the
humble culti valors of the Si<il venture not tei
follow the counsels ol their own judgment and
matured experience, of tin.* fittest times and
st'iisons ; but oeforc presum nig iweii to plough

V

their fields, must first ascertain the position of
the planets, by coiisulting the villag-e astro-
logers, who, spreading out their mysterious
books, calculate the conjunctions of the
heavenly bodies, and dictate to the submissi ve
ryots, when Lhoy sliall breakup the soil, and
often, when th<;y shall consign the seed to
the earth !

In like manner, if a house is to be built,
if a journey but oi two days’ duration is to
be undertakr n. must not be

lieard, tlie ash'o/oocr must dctt'rmiiie tlio pro-
piti' us seasons for .such undertakings.

The most insportant events in life literally
depend upon tlie caicniations and judgment
of the tistrologer ; fov who. amongst the iuha-
hitaufs of India, rvouid venture to contract a
marriage, the most moinentou.s alliaiire in
existence, without taking counsel tVum ey.y// o-
/ogf 'i

A tt*sv <a<‘t.s ^vill lUiisfr.'iU' ilii'-. An iustjuifi' h i,<
Just li.tjipyuod (and aio ijt daiiv uf.oro ci

r('S[K clntdi* Hindoo (wlu. eoiild lio uum. ,1) (Wiro.:-. rd’^ui v-
aig, souulit nlhaiico bH<-c**saivol_v clino k*ss U.tui /iu/f
difltrent tauiditss, all nilliug tliut iho iKarriage ^dnodd
tiilu- pliiuo ; bill, alas! on consulting ibc .istrolo ;;or, on tlie
-list occasion, it was iliscovcrod, from coutp.ai lug the nollti-
(les, tliat the planet Saturn was in the constellation Virgo,
and that Mais was in (bo same quarter of tiie heavens, and

VI

spcr\kin" generally, it may be said,
thot from the j)easant in his field to the Ruler
oil his throne, from the ploughing of the soil
to the niovenieuts of an army, Reusofi must
he dethroned, and bow submissive to the
despotism of astrologers.

that nuptials hftween sufli nativities would be unblessed
\vitli 1 On the iit gociatioii with the second family,

tlie planets Saturn and Mars threatened death to the hus-
band ! On the third oceasiuti, the relentless astrologer fore-
told from the planets, that ‘‘ iniiUial enmitt/'' would embit-
ter the .'illlauce formed under such conjunctions of the
st«ars ! And in the foaUh instate**. Uie threat of to

the bridegroom blasted again las iiopes of happiness : !

Tlie young man himself placing no faith in astrology,
remonstratod against such fanciful obstacles to his hopes
arid union ; but the parents, sacrificing their own judgment,
atandoned tlu happy prospects ol their cliildreu, and sur-
rendered thb'ir reason to the dietatesof the fh^troloqer. At
length, in the negociatio)i wiUi a dfth I'anilv, the planets
were favorable, and th*' parties were bei rothed. Hu I here
again the influenceof astrology interfered in a manner which
may be mentioned, to ^lu-w tlie t eftmt of controul exercised
over the people by the priesthood, in whose hands are the
ni} .steries oJ‘ asirohn)y. 'Die wedding garments I’or the
bridegroom and the hiide, and for her Caiabh.slmnmt,
were to he prej-ared. An event so important as this coal<l
not be undertaken without consulting the astrologer ' the
needles of the tailors couhl not be plied, if the mighty
iincozisciouH planets, rolling in their courses, were deemed
unfavorable ! The inistaken sage referred to his hooks,
and to the stars, for the propitious time ; and dictated,

Vll

It appears then of importance, that just
views should be communicated of Astronomy,
from which science Astrology has sprung ; of
the nature and movements of the planets,
that the inhabitants of JinJia may judge for
themselves how far tic: predictions of the ig-
norant astrologers rniille their divination to
belief; iiow' (ac. in tb.> daily and most mo-
mentous events of life, the calm dictates of
reason^ Jcf’.ihtg, aiid cTpvr/dtrc should be set
aside, because Jupiter is in Leo, or the moon
in Scorpio !

that (ae clothes could in»t even 'm ctunmenced upon until
wiihiusiiv clays of the marriage. The young man proposed
to his pjireii-s to aside lltc astrologer's prediction, as
six days was ({ulte inadequate to pr ^paro the dresses requi-
site ; hut ihe jxircats overruled the impatieiiee of their son,
ajid would of no deviation from the dictate of the

astroluL , so i lull the young man was obliged to post-
pone th«^ 01)* rations of the tailors, and actually to take a
party of liujui with him on his journey, to fetcii his bride,
to have them ready witii their needles, to begin with ala-
crity tlieir v'ork, the moment time had reached the pre-
dicted and propitious hour named by the astrologer,
when the sowing might, with safety, commence! The
young man has had ihe advaut age of education, both in
the PersifiU and Englislt languages, wiih both of ^^hich he
has a fair acquaintance, and he hUs^ had iniicli association
with Buglishmeu. If, notwithstanding these advantages
of education^ astrologers have had such power over
what must be their influence over the people generally !

vni

The more intelligent tninongst the inhabi-
tants now venture to question the learning'
of astrologers, and to scrutinize in some
degree their divinations. Let such be en-
couraged 10 study the M'.ience on which astro-
iog}f is pretended to be based, and they may
then have tire gratitieation of drawing just
conclusions for themselves.

Astronomy , more than any other science,
conveys to the mind just views of the power
and glory of the Creafor : for “the heavens
declare the glory of GOD, and Hie lirmanient
showeHi the work of iii.s hand.” The s*tidy
of the most stupendous works of the Creator
must grtally tend to remove the prevailing
mean and degrading ideas ol’ II IS power and
attributes who connnauded, “'rhou shalthavo
no other Gods but ML” — “ worship thou ME.”

Especially in this land, tivcrcfoio, no school
surely should be without sucli instruction, as,
without occupying thescbolar’s time, or imped-
ing his mori; important studies, tends at once
to create awe and reverence to the Creator, to
rectify popular errors, to gratify tlic scholar,
and enlarge whilst it corrects his mind : for the
mechanical art of reading must he taught by
the perusal of some book or other, and liow
many of our Primers teach mere words with-

IX

out ideas, or it ideas, psicrile. and not such
as shall fort iiy the vouui^ mind ii;^ainst the
influence of the ignorant, or the de.-*igus ot'
the crafty.

Whilst hoohs of insi ruction in the Indian
languages an. so few, (he most huml^le ccu-
(’•ihniion nuiv !.e nst.fn! ; this Primer has
iheix Inrc hecn j); ' par ■!. as a n life towards the
o.istnic: ton of i Ik ti.,oj)U-

ll lias been arranged ’i?, ,i < hn hook, for tiie
n'.-L‘ of schools. wOli I’l'' view of atfoTiinig
f'C,!it\ h) the sfudv of the 1 as aid

o<n{/,!,i (31^0.;/. s. i*y giViM.' i’e aid f.i >\
(ran iatton <(f ijotiitii th> opj; i-'io jia^ -onith
a translated vt i ahidarv of the child words,
sijlhatiiie li'K rne.- niO\ ie^>,ruet h.un-^^■lf, with
very [iiiK- aifj fi'oie !!il t'";- he*, and that the
drodLicrv 'at ii,e n.it iw student , a his daily
(ask. 'Aiidst ;t;«|iuring a luaguap;e. may be
reiic' ed h (<nt interest and jne,iNun.- he may
la si: j)|) 0 :~.'d lo <'\penon''e. nliilsthis mind
e\j,>ands lo grasp (lie glorious truths vihich
AnrRC'NOMY reveal's ; and tiiat kciAy /rnn/n^; a

heinav limn insensd'A he aciiuiring
idcaa which shall, through after li;--, en.ihle
him in many important matters to judge tor
liimself, hctvveeu truth and error.

X

It would be ungrateful not to mention
lierc tliat this Jiitle work, has been printed at
the expeiue of tin; King' ofOude, and will by
tbe&anu; iil'crcdity he distributed gratuitously
to seiniuanesof instruction whore it may be
required.

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; H E

A r>!l ilF ACCOUNT

OF

S O L A ii S Y S T i : M

I V

S^GL1SH UlM^t'STA'Nl .

INTRODK T10\.

“ What an august, what an amazing con-
“ ception, if Imiiuui imaginaiion can conceive
it, does Jistfonoin y give of the works of the
“ Creator !”

Thousainis of thousands <»f suns, uinhipiied
“ vrilhoui end, and ranged all around us, at
“ iiuinense di>luuct-s from eacit other, allemlcd Iry
“ ten thousand titues tcni thousand worlds, all in
‘‘ rapid motion, y('t calm, regular, and haruioni-
“ ons, invariably keeping the paths prescribed to
them,” and these worlds peopled with intelli-
gent beings formed for the worship of the

Creator.

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A ORlEr ACCOUNT

or

Tin: SOLAR SYSTEM,

fuR TIIF USE OF NATIVE SCHOOLS,

mviljsn IMOIJMJUI SIMENCES, IX KNOLldtl AM) Fir'D'»OSTA XKE.

I'loin liie con1eiiij)1atio!! oi the lu‘in fill V bodii n,
dio loooiw the jilaoets and ii»e starx, ^^e learn (Iki
aw I'd [>ouer and niajest v of' made a;»d

coiRshintl> -.'ijieriiifends the whole.

The is a Inaef description of the solar

S} steal * —

The son w itli tlie earth, the planets and comets,
v^liicli i\}u\<c rojuKi lum as their centre, constunio
the solar :^\ slein.

d he ( jciitor has placet! llie mui luarly in the
rent I e of all the planets n:e\e round liiiii.

(bee the plaus )

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The sun gives light and heat to this earth and
all il le planets : without the sun, universal d'^rk*
ness would prevail.

I’hc diameter of the sun is calculated by astro-
nomers to be 7,63,000 miles, lie is made to turn
round on hi.s axis once in 25 davs. llis distance
from the earth is 95 millions of miles.

Astronomers make these calculations with
mathematical certainty, calculating also exactly
when eclijises of (he sun and moon will lake place.

This eartli c<tnipared with the sun is about the
size of a pea, the sun being as large as a gurrah or
water vessel.

A cannon shot in travelling from the sun to the
earth would bo more than 19 years in reaching
us )

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The apparent smallness of the Sun, Moon, and
Planets, explained.

The reason tvhy the sun, the moon, and the
planets though vast worlds, appear so small to us
is this ; that the farther objects are removed from
the eve, the smaller they appear ; as a very si ople
illustration of this, look at the picture of the baU
loon. When close to us see what an imiuense thing
it is! towering above the crowd which have assem-
bled to see it rise ; two men sit in the car attached
to it, and it lifts them up with ease into the sky 1
See it again when it has ascended some height
from the earth, how small it appears! The two
men in it can scarcely be seen waving their flags,

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Look once more ! the vast balloon is a mere speck
in the blue iiimament far above the clouds!

Now you can easily imagine how those vast
w'orlds, the sun, moon, and planets, appear so
small, because they are at such an inconceivable
distance from us that a cannon shot would take
years and years to reaih them. The wonder is that
we see them at all ; uere they not such enormous
worlds they would be lost from our sight. The
contemplation of these things leads the mind to
worship the great invisible Being who made and
now sustains them ail, and whom we ought to
worship and obey.

Mercury.

1. The planet placed by tlie Almighty nearest
to the sun, is named Mercury : you may see him

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13

with the telescope, and sometimes with the naked
eye.

2. 11 is distance from the sun is 37 millions
of miles.

3. ilis diameter is 3,200 miles, and he wheels
round the sun once in 87 days, 23 hours.

4. He is made to travel at the fearful v'^locity
of 105 thousand miles every hour.

5. Because he i.s much nearer to the sun than
we are, the sun appears to his inhabitants, if they
see as we do, seven times as large as to us ; and the
heat, if Mercury be such a world as ours, is seven
times as great there as that which we feel here.

6. Mercury, like all the planets, has no light of
his own, but shines w ith borrowed light from the sun.

7. A cannon ball vvoultl take 7 years and a

half to reach Mercury from the sun.

First Mercury, amidst full tides of light.

Rolls near the sun through his small circle bright:

All that dwell here most be refined aud pure,

Bodiea like ours sucb ardour can’t endure.”

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Venus.

1. The second planet in the Solar S}^stem is 69
millions of miles from the sun, and is named
Venus: she travels at the rate of 76 thousand
miles every hour.

2. Venus wheels round the sun in 224 days,
17 hours, and her diameter is 7,706 miles. Venus
is larger than Mercury, but smaller thaa this
earth.

3. She sometimes appears the morning, some*
times the evening star. She is very beautiful and
brilliant, and appears the brightest of all the

Then Venus next, fair lovely star.

Fulfils her larger round.

With softer beams and milder glory crowned :
Friend of mankind, she glitters from afar.

Now the blight Evening, now the Morning star/*

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Tub Earth.

1. The third body from the sun is this Earth.
Her distance from him is 05 millions of miles, and
her time of revolutifn found, him is 365 dajs 6

2. Thoogh:^l^ils if vre were all at rest, God
has made this earth, with os upon it, to travel at
the fearful rate of 58 thousand miles everj hour !

3. How should it make us stand in'^awe of the

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Alihight j and worship Him when we consider, that
he has made us, with this earth which we itUiabit,

to fly upiitinually throiigb the air 120 times luster

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4. And how strange is it that man should neg-
lect to worship and obej this awful Being, who has
such dreadful power !

5. This our earth, like the moon and all the
planets, is round. It turns round on its axis

every day, thus daily exposing nearly all its
suri^ce to the sun.

6. Its turning motion on its axis is very swift.
We an* whirling round at the rate of 1000 miles
an hour.

7. The earth^s motions may be compared to the
motions of a shell thrown from a large bomb or
mortar, one motion straight through the sky, the
other whirling on its own axis in the sky.

8. How sivift is this twofold motion of the
shell I But,. O I how incomparably more swift is

19

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the motion of this earth, as harled into space by the
fiat of the Almighty I

9. “ The fear of the Lord is the beginning of
wisdom.” Men who live without God in the world,
which he has made, are worse than the beasts tiiat
perish.

10. This earth is round : it has been sailed round
by navigators.

11. It is peopled, as we know, by ourselves a
fallen race of men, who though we acknowledge
the right of the Almighty to our obedience, yet
neglect his law.

12. After death will come judgment, when we
shall stand before the judgment<-seat of God to

answer for our sins.

21

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^ «^.l> y,^ ^

tJ*'*

- 7-*^ t ' ^yt Jr^ Jij (r

tA<£. i^Wi.l-i -1

22

The Moon.

1. Because of the daily revolving motion of
our globe, one half of its surface is deprived of the
sun’s rays, the Creator has therefore appointed' a
moon to attend us on our course, and to give us
her reflected light during the night.

2. The muon too, though she looks so small, is
a vast world, being 21S0 miles in diameter!

3. Though much nearer to us than any of the
planets, she is yet a vast distance off, being 240
thousand miles from our earth.

4. The almighty and invisible God has fixed
her course, and makes her travel round this earth
once in 29 days and 12 hours.

5. The moon seems to move slowly, but is ac-
tnally flying through space at the fearful ra^ of
3,29(k.ntile<3 every hour 1

23

c)4**

^ y jJ^ >(ij

^ ^ J<? ^ ^>* /Cjr^ ^/^^“>-<
■ ^ ^/f ^ /t f-

^'--(i ^i;i»>- Kif jjt p, |- /, ^

^j„ ;t

• ok-vl>

^jii j)i y^> ^

ti> u-^< £ ^1 ^\ ,/

•(^'■-■i/Oy.

‘J<'^si\S'' ■’^>‘» ■',c/^^J• 2 ^-£u'>

• -i^> yy. /,r- ^ :k 11; c1

» < y • i ’

24

6. God has given her no light of her own, she
shines bv borrowed light from the sun.

7. Tlie figures which we see in the moon are
hills and vullejs, lights and shades.

8. VVe conclude that she is inhabited, and that
God has placed his u orshippers there as well as
here.

9. Our earth is a moon to the moon, and
l)eing much larger gives her 13 times mc"" Ught
than she gives u> us.

10. \VMien the moon is new, our earth is to her

what the moon when t'uii is to us. Her whole disk

•»

is strongly illuminated and distinctly visible to us.

11. The ignorant look upon the moon with a
vacant mind, but the inttdligent man contemplates
that luminary and the stars, and the wheeling
planets, vtiih awe, as proofs of the stupendous
power of the unseen Deity who guides them all.

25

* cT *-^l^’ »J ,

A A A A O

c;'-.r‘^5' Jj>‘ A^k?, ''

A ^ ^ A A

• >>y ji^ (i^’

^ y A J^y} > k / ' jy/ jy^U* A

fy-- y ^ sj- y. C^^L 'y.^iry ’

^ // <^

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<.ri'- ^ ^r U^' \J' '’ ^ ^ ^v

' v:r^, y ^ri*) > k

^ ■*'• i} \S' ^jy ' ‘

/ft >•!' ^ •^'?. J*--' '>»t^ ♦ /(_.ri'v

** (_r-^ <i: <i:..''t 4— ^ ^ i ' •

y^jl^ j>)\ j^\ J^l ^}l 1*1 , ^y^J

y^' ^ J f. 4i!lU ^V.

* ^Ji / \f 6"'.

26

12. rhe man who daily worships his Creator,
looks up with holy lear and reverence, and says,
“ My Father made them

Mftrs,

1. In the sdlar system we have seen how the
Deity has placed the sun as a centre; then
appointed, first, Mercury, then Venus, then this
earth to revolve around him.

2. The iiexr {danet in order is Mars, he is only
one-fifth asbig asour earth, and may be known by
his red appearance: his distance from the sun is
computed at no less than 144 millions of miles.

3. At this distance, the sun can appear only
half as large as he appearh to us.

27

•) tr>* « ”'

/j^r J ^ \J- ■"'

1^

/ -^CjI si^U /^/r ^(.T^

/^.; y^, ; /< i>^ .^5' ' ^

'jy

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*vJ'a--'7 ^ca’

I ,

t*,! u,i / J.4 J.4 v,^' >« »’. ''•* •'

^ '^■- j‘*^ J’

38

4. The Deity has appointed him to travel at the
surpriziitg rate of 55 thousand miles every hour!
He finishes his coiu'se round the sun in about (1^7
days.

5. Mars too is a vast world, having a diuinoter
of 4QOO miles !

<». To Mars our earth and moon appear like
two moons changing phice with each oilier, and

f

near together. Our earth appears almost as big to
Mars as Venus to us

7. Thus, if to the inhabitants of Mars and
Venus our earth appears a mere star, we ougiit t*)
bear in mind that those planets, though to our eye

so small, are vast worlds.

29

(S> iS f

e/f^ c^ c**^,

4-1 t/; !r'‘^^'^’<!l--iii

/ 'kS f-/; '4 — (1 f.'/' 5

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/f'- ,A £/^<^. j*. - -^C> _(.;-•

J^r*'-’ Z^- * • ^ 2il. S>t^’ >>5* A -? / ' (J"^

/^i^J . ^-i^: ^ _(,

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30

THE ASTEROIDS.

Ceres.

1 . Ceres is a small bodj, much less than any of
the planets ; it is farther from the sun than Mars ;
Its diameter is only 165 miles.

2. She is distant from the sun 263 millions

of miles. A cannon hall would be 6 1 years
in travelling from the sun to Ceres. She travels

round the sun in 4 years and 221 days.

Pallas.

1. Pallas is another asteroid, very small, its
diameter being only 30 miles.

2. It is distant from the sun 263 millions of

miles: it would take a cannon ball 62 years to
reach it from the sun. It travels round the sun
in 4 years and 7 months.

31

>./^r *

• /V./, ‘’V;

• c/>'' r '— ^ /^

** {j< '^'^W'V j }/'fj^r.'^'".,^h)i r

V J-M (S-^>^->^^ ^/,'--r'^'^^J^

iji:* ^^l''i■^ si 1^

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1^^' y 5''=^ W 4=:^' A.

^^■j \ ,/. ;/

• w» Z' m y ^ ^

32

3. Some suppose that these asteroids, Ceres,
Pallas, Juno, and ^ osta, are tVagmeiits of a planet
tihich God may have broken up and destroyed.

Juno.

Juno is an asteroid, very small : its diameter has
neyer been measured. It rtvolyes rouiul the sun
in 4 years anil 128 days.

Ve^ta.

Vesta is an asteroid, but so small that its
diameter has not been ascertained. She moves
in her orbit between Juno and Jupiter, and
takes 3 years, 66 days, and 4 hours in her jour-
ney round the sun.

33

t- ? <^>C'''u»>''. 4-'^»4y«

• 1^ i— fj'

j -» j? '*•

I • ^ c‘>;^, wXi I

Xji ’ ^ ^JVj

\jb^

V5‘ yV. ^ •>>) ^/i'r

,J_fyi-^il^^»l)^’‘^hj»ClS/^

34

Jupiter.

;

1 . Next bejond Mars comes Jupiter, a %’ast
planet about 1000 times bigger than tiie earl It,
bis diameter being 89000 miles,

2. Ood has appointed his place, 490 millions of
miles from the sun, hut the wisdom of the Creator
has supplied this want oflight, bf giving him four
attendant moons to revolve ^bout him, an^’ jlit
his skj.

3. He travels in his distant course with the

awful swiftness of 29,000 miles every hour.

Four shining moons with borrowed lustre rise*
jfestow their beams by night, and light hi:s skies/*

4. His four moons are some bigjter and some

f :

smalkr than tins earth. His Smt or nearest
moon is 220,000 miles distant from him, and goes
round him in one da v and 1$ hours.

35

yj' ‘;3J '(•t, ’

^•) \S * ^■'* ^5

*yj^ ;U J-.'‘ j *>t i^iy /^‘ * * » 3^.>

^ I 3-(/'' ;y, '/J. J"/

;3i,;./i3/M3/^3/a/A>,.><

^(•U< w(t ^ il/, ;5! ^3 r

•^Jw^!^_^^:';'>t ^y"r‘'l ^ \Sa'

Ji' I /. i.ry; ^jT

>17 III) -'(j/*^. >k*V, y/''’3^.

• J-.'‘>'!^ (/-<’'’ f ^33 (J^33)<r^

/^;J> wl yU'l >)l < 3/3 ,)I

36

5. The Deity has so arranged his moons, that
his skies are ahnost alnays lighletl up by one
or other.

6. He is tlie largest of the planets, and travels
in kinsrlr state.

7. Vain man is apt to tlnnk that this little pla-
enl of ours occupies all the Creator’s care.

8. L< t him reflect that an obserrer in Jupiter,
if looking towards this earth, would not even see
our little ball ; neither Mars, Venus, nor Mercu-
ry ! so near would they be to the sun, as to be lost
in his light.

Saturn.

1. The planet Saturn i.s no less than 600 times
larger than our earth, his diameter b(‘ing- 70,4)00

miles.

'/o fX kA ,

0

37

r /A. P i ^ I

• ^ W-' <f^, v)^'' '

X iLi yjl * ^ j j/r «r-^ [Sy^^

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• >r 1^

38

fl. H« is far removed from the snn, or 9000 mil-
lions of miles, y«t he is warmed and lighted by its
rays. A caanoit ball would take about 215 years in
flying from one to the other.

3. He travels round the sun at the rate of 22,000
miles every hoar, thougli he seems to ns to go very
slowly.

4. Whilst vve,inoiir shortercourse.takeoidyone
year to travel round tlie sun, Saturn takes nearly tiO
years in performing his annual revolution.

5. Observe the wisdom ofdod in providing for
the wants of this fur distant and enormous planet,
by giving him to light him in his course a princely
train of 7 moons.

6. Tba inhabitants of Saturn, we may suppose,
often see several moons in his skies at the same time.

39

'

w f

\^f ^Jr / C

W c:^>4

• (6'^, ^ V A y‘

/l^l4 ifj'i/j^ J'j j,\ >L

n

**V^' ^^J'A^JC

^ *** ^ A A

(/<i— 4— '>i t/i ®

^ , I ^ ■ ■ ■

to this planet a vast sMaing ring, within this ring
** of'worids siioh as ours a t6oVsand might be 1qat.’*‘

A<_^' .. ' -'•ft* , ■'•■

S. This ring orh^Hi is Sit t'hbnsaiSd in
breaiilllfhiid']^^ bedistiactfy se^ through atlAas*

fjOpO

5. I^l^hiia^s of Saturn, if they have no

better eye# tlgnt bttlr<b on looking towards us could

,« ♦•-4 ' .

ipot even see this liftt]kbi^~-onr earth : to them,
even irith a teltliA^, ibthonhf Waiwiflfe 4

41

A-*:

•cA^’

A A

^jUj^ ^ 21 j^-iv ^ 1

J* '’m •

c^, M'} n' {SM

iA* <i*i v-z^l/y

•v/ I

t >»^l J9>^ r

• oA -A'> .cS" >?.> ji

42

3. He is 1,822,400,000 niilw distant from tlie
sun, and it would take 431 years for a cannon
shot to riy from one to tlie other.

4. He performs his journey round the sun in
87 years, mo\iugat the rate of 7,000 miles an
hour.

5. The Deity has given to Uranus 0 moons to
move round him and light him on his course, tiis
diameter is n-l-l 12 miles, and with our e';^ ,our
little planet earth could not he seen from thence.

6. Fhe poet says :

Far We.sl and Ea^r, scarce warmed by Pbebur/s ray,
Through his largt orh Uranus wheeU away ;

How great the change ! could we be wafted there,

How slow the seasons, and how long the year.

Strange and amazing must the difference be,

Twixt this vast planet and swift Mercury !

Yet Reason says, nor can we doubt at all.

Millions of beings dwell on either ball.

With constitutions fitted for that spot,

Where Providence ull-wise has fix’d their lot.

43

i i_k (/>«^.— / j:::/1(^(/i • J-.-

• K<’\ l;? |yy( ,-yt I)/ jif — (: ^ u"f

^ <£1-^ ^J :? r

^ U' Z' ^ I J I

^ ' lA ^ ’’^ I 0

* / /!__/" iji) ^1

* O^-*" '^■”

• *4 'I Ji^ » A-^ ^

Comets.

1. roinetsalso form a part of the solar system:
all the planets above enumerated move in one
direction round the sun, but comets rush in throug^h
the system from every quarter of the heavens.

2. Their velocity is inconceivable; they rush
down towards the sun, wheel round him Hiid
speed back again, their wild eccentric way, until
far beyond the ken of human eye.

3. The appearance of comets is remarkable :
they have a long luminous tail, and travel with
fearful speed, leaving all the planets far behind.

4. The train or tail of that comet which appear^
ed in 1807 was 9 millions of miles in length.

45

(•«* uy Ujlj j

if * f

^/^'^y( jX c/^ ^ 9. ^vC-^

>>i !■■; i>; ^f'- 2/ O'/ L-^

(>'^^>'^ X £:-.>»»

4i_-j ** r

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(X ^ /<'^ r

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46

5. And tin* I ravelling of the comet which

ap]>ecired in 1680 was 880,000 miles an hour !
'I'hiiik of llie aw ful power of the Alinighi v to hurl
a flaming comet into space witli tlie fearful veloci
t}' of eight hundred and eighty tliousand miles in
cve<'r hour !

6. The comet in 1G80 rushed down towards the
sun with such aw ful speed, that one would snp|)ose
nothing could arrest his terrific course, and liiat he
would rush past tite sun into the space beyond.

7. Bui no! obedient to the iiat of our Creator,
he wheeled close round the sun witbiii the orbit of
Mereuri, and at a distance from tIte sun of lialf
the sun’s diameter, then rushed forth again far
beyond the utmost limit of our solar system, lie
was in sight four ruoiitlis.

8. it is said that in A. D. 1454 a comet came
so near the earth as to be between the moon and
us, and that the moon was eclipsed by it.

47

/ ** »

(/'■ <1^ . > 2 ^

o;^-L<- _c;i ., ^

•• '" *’ (/V I'^'T ^>*;(,j ^ ^ ^

cJ f'[^ i l~ ("

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48

9. The Comet of 1770 came so near the earth
as to have its motion atTected bj the attraction of
the earth.

10. Think of the fearful consequence had tliat
comet made a rush at this our earth, we must all
have probably perished by the shock !

11. The same comet sped its fearful way and
passed through amongst the moons or satellites of
Jupiter.

12. Had any of those moons or worlds,
selves moving with dreadful speed, met or been
struck by the rusliing comet, one or both must
have perished : hut God’s eye is over all his
works, and He who watches over us on earth, with
a Father’s care, guides the comet’s path free of
all other worlds.

13. Sir Isaac Newton computed the heat of the
comet of 1680, w hen it passed so near the sun, to be
2000 times hotter than red hot iron.

49

'' iS. ^ .A

L ijf} >/ j-iSr~* I vv .,vj^ C;,; i

^■> u '1 cS*>tt -n^isj *3 yT t*

AJ.-; l/'^lfl ^1, /■',/, l( )

• r^i

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^ 'r'"^ ir

^L^Jhi J_rt J_:l, ■’

(/ '^ e’->' • V). ■•. w(l ; ."14^^

^ ^ A Sr* •

av'^

j-^y.-iji ^c) ^A-'^ j'ti

-^v

r^</^ !/■* C>> z'

•/•A; /.(>,;

50

14. Its computed time of performing its jour-
ney was 675 years ! it would thus rush out into
space 13,000 millions of miles, and some think
would turn round other suns.

15. How wonderful is the contemplation of
our Creator’s power. Let us remember that he who
hath aflectionately said, “ My son, give me thine
heart “ If ye obey me, 1 will be to you a l'u«.iier,
and ye shall be my sons and my daughters,” is the
same awful and mysterious Being who made and
guides the rushing comets, and who directs in their
appointed place the planets.

* ‘ Lo, from the dread immeneity of space
Returned 'with accelerated force.

The rushing comet to the sun descends,

And as he sinks below the shading earth.

With awful train projected o*er the heavens
The guilty nations tremble I .

51

r'-' “i ^ i , p,

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• ;,i ^•4/^;^

^ * 4’ (^^.' y 4 '1'^‘S /'(j^t It,

tfi r ,i

^j\J^

^ij w/u:^ ./ ♦

i>'''^ <£rr<l ^

f^r ^ V5l # ^t Cv^

52

Motion of the Earth and Planets round the Sun.

1. It was at first supposed, and even now is believ-
ed bj many who have not had ihe opportunity
of fully weighing the subject, that the sun and all
the stars of heaven move round the earth once
every day ! Whereas, the sun is stationary, and
the earth moves round him. The apparent move-
ment of the sun and stars is caused by the earth
turning on its own axis every day. The proof is

this: we know by plain observation that the pla-
nets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and
Herschell, all move round the Sun. We see them
nightly. We can trace their movements in the

heavens, therefore we cannot doubt that they
move round the sun as the centre of their motion.
Now this earth, like them, is a planet, one of the
attendants of the sun, like them receiving light

53

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I [j .

lA •>'^''‘ / I -^’-i. /^-r-'

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A// y>*l

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o

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^y-'-^y^l >»?' "yt J y^> yyl>^s^ y y’r.— ^

,/.i' (y/ ' ^5' lA } y -> ly jyr^

V*/ (/-‘^ ^ t/- '^•u'^'^0

\^i / jL^Jr 3 / ^3 ^

£::: L} [f X Jr^k ^3 «--•

ft o' * ^

54

and heat finnn that luminary. It is a thousand
times less than Jiipiler, and very much smaller
than Saturn. \S hy * hen should this earth be an ex*
cef>tion, and not move round the sun also ?

2. Again, this earth when compared with the
sun i.s quite small, like a pea compared with a large
earthen water-vessel or ghiirrali.

3. Now all the millions of stars in the heavens
are also vast suns, so that our little earth becomes
in the contemplation, like a grain of sand aui.dst
tlie immensity of creation around ; how then can
we suppose that the sun, and millions and millions
of other suns and worlds in glorious profusion,
which spangle the vault of heavens, should all
pay obeisance and move daily round our little
ball <

4. Suppose an ant were seated on a round earthen
vessel which floated iii the midst of a Ihke, and
turned round with the breeze, the little ant would

55

r

d ^ '>'\S (J’*’" ’

**''"* • i "

>5* ^ ^ <r^ lT^, u^r \S

4L>^ ^

^wj ir ^jf ' X i r

” • V f^- ? ' "’'

*/t ^ ^ J

^,y ^/l ■^._^‘ /l

* v!^' d^ C’^ (J^ ^i_i> Zl— ^«— \t

j: a -'^ >>' S-”^ '^i/’'' CA^ /t-ri

J>^. J j^JA J’>'^ U^t\

/T^‘d4

i^Jij JiJ< dJ* ^ ji' (^'«'^. — ^'J »5 dJ*

0^‘''Vv »5 y l'^>^

i;;lr^^ >/ly, -^■*^ ij^ yi^ • '-'J

• 'dJ

56

see a]] the trees, the elepliants, the towns, and
palaces, and forts, and hills, and sky apparently

moi iuy round : X\m object coming in sight — and
that going out of sight. Now would it not be most

igaurant in the little ant to sayj because the eartlu
en vessel happened to move round, that all the
objects on the shore, the palaces and mountains,
and even the sky beyond, were spinning round
the little vessii! Suit is v\itli us upon

this earth. We ourselves, like the earthen pot,
move round, and tl- refore all the heavens appear

to us to move ! ltnpos.-)ible ! that the sun, and
planets, and all the miUlous of suns which spangle

the firmament on high^should every day actually
be spinning round a little ball like^tis of our

earth }

57

• A

J';/t ify”

yV, ^ Lc:J£

A, >»?• *.^ ^ ::^

^ ji^ «^t n i>

>'?' 'j'

O O A •

ir-J *'5f^ jwyt jh ^:::^t A(J\^^^

• jyj/

58

5. This riiljculous idea has long since been
abandoned !‘y European nations. It is not to be
wondered at, ho\vever, that the Indian nation
should still fancy the firmament to be spinning
round our heads' for they have not had the ad-
vantages of European telescopes to measure the
exact sizes of the sun and planets, and have, as
yet, but entered the threshhold of the science of
Astronomy. Ere long, the wise of tliis nation
also, will join the philosophers of Europe, and ex-
plain to their Indian brethren the wonderful fact
— that God, the great invisible Spirit, who is every
where present, minutely directing all creation
with awful power, and watchful care, has, with
infinite wisdom and wonderful contrivance, made
this Earth on which we dwell, to turn daily on its
axis, and alternately receive the light and heat of

59

virt (;;(<^^ (*/

sS C} {/ J/^''

/

j:K jj.!* 4/J><i i/ — ^■»' ®* '*'

o “ ' '> a" ^

A <iz* t3 ''^"i cl- ^

•C^ ^ U Z"-:' o'^

j *>ij Ji^ J^j

>5 1 cP J*^ Z’’

^/^l yt ^ ^ ^ ‘-''' * * “■r-^" ^

#^^L ^ ^ uT ^/ A <^''

2./ j‘»r *

6n

the Sun ; andj O beautiful provision of the great
Creator! when our wearied bodies require sleep
and rest, we turn from the sun to be enveloped in
the still and peaceful calm of darkness and repose.
Thus all the wondrous works of God proclaim his
praise. Let us exclaim with King David of
old— “ Praise the Lord, O my soul ; and all that is
within me, praise II is holy name !’'

The World is proved to be round by meetin^f of
Ships at Sea, and by Ships sailing completely
round it.

1. Some of the ancient books of the Hindus
erroneously say, tliat this earth on which we live
is a plain or Jlat surface; but it has long since
been fully and completely proved to be round,
and an enormous globe.

c/"> • ~r>, ^ fhT j. /C

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62

2. I’liose who have travelled in ships upon the
vast ocoanj and seen “ the wonders of the great
deep,” need no other proof that the world is round ;
for when nothing hut a far extended expanse of
water is seen on all sides, if the world were a
plain flat surface, a ship approaching from a dis-
tance would be seen by the spectator complete
from its hulk to its top-masts, thus:

3. But every one who has been out upon the
ocean well knows, that because the earth is a
round globe, the top-mast only of a distant ship
approaching is first seen, —

63

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Ar

T

>>51 ii— 1^ Jlv; ^>* U>jk

-^"V>’

<

<^''1 viv ^Ji) jlf^ y

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Jlr, iO/ ^ M, ^

64

then gradualij more and more of the sails appear
in view, and long after the sails have been dis-
tinctly seen, the ship itself is concealed below

■‘tv

the horizon. not this a proof that the earth
is round ?

4. Look at the picture! It is exactly so at sea.
Observe the gradual approach of the same ship:

at first, her top-mast and upper sail alone appears ;
all the rest of the ship is hid by the curve of the
ocean. All spectators are eager to know from
what distant land jdie comes — from Europe ? — from

65

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the new wuild, America? — from England? but
all must wait until the approaching vessel has
ascended a little further the curve of the earth^s
or ocean’s surface.

5. Look at her again ; two sails have now risen
above the surface ; the hulk or body of the ship is
still out of sight. After an hour's advance, look
once morel three sails are now distinctly seen:
still no hulk appears. The fresh breeze priiisi^^
her onwards. uj)on the Ocean^s curve, at length
brings all her hulk to view. This surely proves

that the world is round.

6. Many ships have sailed completely round
the worlds and proved beyond a doubt that it

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Eclipses.

1. INIany Hindoos who have not learned belter,
V iien ihey see an eclipse of the moon, turn out
bito the street, sljout and clap their hands, think-
ing thus to scare away the evil spirit Uahoo, who
they suppose is devouring llie moon.

3. But the belter informed know tliat J
eclipse is cause<l by this earth, which we infi

t'

passing between the sun and the moot^^dnd
thus intercepting the sun’s rays, and preventing
any light from falling upon the moon.

3. Thus in a dark night, if you place any thing
between the lamp and any object, the object can-
hot be seen. In a partial eclipse of the moon, the
shadow of this earth obscures a part of the moon.

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4. The shadow is always circular, which is a
proof (hat tliis uorhl is round; for if the earth
were square, or flat, or angular, the shadow
Mosdd be angular.

G. Astrononiurs can calculate the exact utoinenl
at whicii eclipses will take [rlacc.

6. An eclipse of liie sun js caused, bj
moon’s passing betueen this earth and thf^S

7. Tor instance, the sun is iiid from
we hold our hand between our e>es and
the moon’s passing between the eaith a:^
has just tile same e fleet.

'.w,

8. It is said, that on one occasion the moon so
completely hid the sun from us, and made so com-
pletely an eclipse til noon-day, that total darkness
prevailed to the terror of many, and that even the
birds oi the air fell to the earth 1‘rom fear.

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9. 'i'lu’M' eclipses shew us, what indeed we
may learn every night, that this earth and the
moon are of themselves dark and dreary, and
derive all their light from the sun.

The Jixed Slavs,

1, We have seen that the earth whi'
inhabit, is only a small portion of God
manship, compared with the magnif]|
played in creaimg, arranging, and g|
other worlds, in the .solar system.

2. ^^e have now to see that the solar system
itself, with all its grandeur of revolving world.s,
is but a triding portion of the universe which

God has made.

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3. All the fixed stars which spangle the vault

of heaven, are supposed to be each a sun ; and like
ours, the centre of a system of planets, or worlds
revolving round them.

4. “ Herschel’s discoveries with the telescope are
truly astonishing : on fixing his telescope, i^
quarter of an hour, tlirough the field of vie^/
less than one hundred and sixteen thousand^^
or suns, passed.”

w.

7 ,,

5. “ Shall we then say of these vast ^

that they were created in vain ? Were they e|

I . ...

into existence for no other purpose than to throttr
a tide of useless splendour over the solitudes of
immeii.sity ?

6> ‘‘ Our sun is only one of the luminaries of
th« Almighiy^s train. Why should we strip the
rest of their princely attendance? Why may not

75

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76

each of them be the centre of his own system, and
1 .^ . lii;ht lo his own worlds ?’^

7. Oh, what a wonderful contemplation ! Look
into the heavens by ni^ht, and think (hat each of
the innumerable stars (the telescope takes in 80
millions) is, like ours, u flaming sun ; and (hut
each, like uiirs, has his attendant (rain of worlds,
to which he gives iieat and light.

8. How does the incoinprehensihlc powe f
(he great Creator overwhelm the mind, when we
reflet that, whilst he is guiding this earth, the
comets and tVie planets in their wheeling courses,
hisinfiuite power and unwearied mind is regulating,
at the same time, the innumerable worhis which
in countless glory flil the Armament of hea\en '

0. Nor is this all — for where is the boondary of
creaii ,n 1 Let imagination take its flight, and visit

77

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the remotest stars which glimmer in the sky, and
still look far beyond from thence ! There is no end !
Another boundless firmament spread out and span-
gled with innumerable suns ! But vain the thought

to overtake the limit of creation.

,J^'

* 10. '* Who bv searching can find out God ? Who

can find out the Almighty to perfection ?” “ Lo,
these are parts of his ways; l)ut hovr little a por-
tion is heard of him. The heavens declare the
giory of God, and the firmament sheweth his
handy work.’’

11. The fixed stars all remain stationary in the
heavens ; and we can distinctly (race the planets
moving from one constellation to another, from
fixed star to fixed star, in passing on their journey

round the sun.

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80

12. Sappose, for a moment, that God sliould
v^’itluirnw Ins continual superintendence from the
vast complication of revolving worlds, how dread-
ful wouhl be the consequence !

13. Instead of each keeping its appointed
place, with dreadful crash one would reel against
another, and utter chaos follow.

14. Man is humbled, and feels his own insigni-

dcance in the scale of creation, when he reflects
that this earth whu ii he inhabits, instead of being
the only work of the Creator, is merely an atom in
his creation.

15. And were a rushing comet to strike us in
its ]>ath, and annihilate onr earth, with ail its in-
hahiraiits, its loss would i)e comparatively no more
felt Mian would be the fail of a leaf from the
forest.

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16. This little ball our earth may be compared,
then, to a mere platform or point erected in the
midst of space, from which we cast a surveying
glance, and contemplate the wonders of creation.
The innumerable worlds above, beneath, on every
side, proclaim the inconceivable power and awful
attributes of God, that mysterious Being, who,
hid from our eyes, has made and superintends the
whole.

17. The fixed stars are inconceivably distant
from us % no human calculation cun measure them.
The nearest is farther than a cannon shot could fiy
in seven millions of years !

How many sublime thoughts and retined |ilea.
sures does the vacant uninstructed mind lose, when
looking on the heavens, tire glorious works of the
Almighty. The Poet has well expres.scd his mind,
when roused by such a contemplation to address
the Deity :

" O thou the great Invisible !

Divme Instmctor! thy first vuliime this,

Tlie lieavena 1 for man’s perusal all in capitals !

In moon arid stars Heavcti’s golden alphab*'t !

Emblazed in seas the light 1 Who runs may read ;

Who reads, may understand. Tis unoonfin’d

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To Christian land or Jewry, fairly writ
In languag^e universal to mankind.

A language lofty to the learned, yet plain
To those that feed the dock, or guide the plough.

Or from the husk strike out the bounding grain.

A language, worthy the great Mind that speaks !
Stupendous book of wisdom to the wise !

Stupendous book ! opened, O God, by thee !

Another Poet has tlius beautit'ullj’ expressed the
words of the sacred writer.

The spacious firmament on high,

With all the blue ethereal sky ;

And spangled heavens, a shining frame.

Their Great Original proclaim !

The unwearied sun from day to day,

Docs his Creator $ power display ;

And publishes to every land.

The work of an Almighty hand !

Soon as the evening shades prevail,

The moon takes up the wondrous tale ;

And nightly to the listening Elarth,

Repeats the story of her birth :

While all the stars that round her burn.

And all the planets in their turn *,

Confirm the tidings as they roll.

And spread the truth from pole to pole I
What though in solemn silence all
Move round this dark terrestrial ball :

What though no real voice nor sound.

Amidst their radiant orbs be found ?

In reason^s ear they all rejoice.

And utter forth a glorious voice \

For every singing as they shine.

The hand that made ua is Divine.”

8 ^

86

18. Their great distance is proved thus. Suppose
four or five trees upon a plain, in front ofyou, they
would appear at a certain distance from each
other.

19. But if you go for a mile or two to the right
or left, and then look at them, they will all have
changed their relative positions.

20. Not so the fixed stars, for though the extre«
mities of the earth’s orbit are 162 millions of
miles apart, the fixed stars, viewed from either ex*
tieme, appear exactly in the same situations.

21. So that, supposing that the whole Orbit of
this earth, 162 millions of miles in diameter, (that
is, the space encircled by her journey round the
sun,) were a vast globe of fire, it would appear
only as a point when viewed from any fixed star !

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Thai ike planeit and other worlda are inhahii-
ed, is most probable from the following con-
siderations.

1. In many of’ tliose planets or worlds we have
discovered movements similar to those of the
earth.

2. They all move round the sun, all receive
light from him ; they, like the earth, turn on their
own axis, and have day and night, and changes
of seasons.

3. It is highly improbable that the great and
mysterious Maker of all, who does nothing in vain,
should give to those worlds, the laws and motions
peculiar to this earth, day and night, light and
darkness, unless they were inhabited.

4. It is contrary to reason to suppose those vast
worlds to be desolate and void. Why should
we suppose that the Supreme Creator had alone
peopled with his worshippers this little planet of
ours?

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6. ^VIly bliould such a magnificent train of
at teiulants as four moons have been given to the
immense world Jupiter, 1,000 times greater than
ours, continually to revolve round him, had he
been only a desolate mass of matter ?

6. Why should life and intelligence be condued
to this our planet ? Saturn, because of his amazing
distance from the sun, has no less tiian seven moons
revolving round him to give him light.

7. He has also his ring, supposed to reflect the
sun’s rays upon him. Can it be imagined that all
these stupendous and wonderful arrangements
would hare been made by the Almighty Creator,
viiio does nothing in vain or without a cause,
merely to aifbrd light to a dreary solitude?

8. Whilst upon this our planet we find matter
teeming with life and animal variety, all sub-

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servient to man, w liy in other worlds or planets
bhoiiKI vie suppose matter to exist alone?

9. Why resist the conclusion, that in those
worlds, as in this, there is the same variety ot
animal life ? that there, as here, the Almighty
has placed bis intelligent ivorsliippers 7

10. The world Mercury is near to the sun, and
requires no moon to light it ; the next distant is
Venus, without a moon ; we revolve next, and be-
ing further distant, one moon accompanies us and
gives us light

11. Jupiter, being four times more distant from
the sun and light, and 1,000 times larger than our
globe, has four moons to give him light. Saturn
again, farther olT, has seven moons and two rings.

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Georgiuuj Sidus, or llersclieii, also lias six inouiis.
Wliy iliirefore all tliis arrangement, unless that
tiine, as here, life ami intelligence exist?

1. (leu ho is acquainted even with the outlines
of Astronoinv, has no longer mean ideas of God,
the great Creator of the Universe,

2. The enlightened mind takes an extended
view of the stupendous works of the Deity, and
reads, as it were, in the heavens, the awful gran-
deur of his character.

3. it is said of an intelligent Indian, who used
to worship idols and rivers, instead of (he eternal
and omnipotent Deity, that w hen tint darkness of
Ills mind had been rlispelleu by reading upon
.such subjects as these, he frankly acknowledged
the absurdity and pitiable ignorance of worship*
ping graven images and rivers, instead of the
Eternal.

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4 . “ 1 said he, “ seeing all around me falling
dou !i to worship stones, fell down likewise ; but
now, 1 would as soon think of worshipping or

praying to the fowls of the air or fishes of the sea

Aslrologif.

1. In l:^ngland, some centuries ago, even ot ep*
wise sensiide men believed in Astrology, believed
that men’s destinies could be read from the stars :
but as light in a dark room dispels darkness, so
did the study of Astronomy dispel Astrology. No

well-informed mind now can retain for a moment
any belief in it.

2. In India the belief in Astrology is so preva-
lent, that thousands are slaves to it ; they cannot

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undertake a journey or build a bouse without con-
sulting the astrologers.

3. Men are jealous of restraint, yet place them-
selves under the guidance of a crafty astrologer,
who whilst he rifles their pockets, laughs within
himself at their credulity.

4. Ignorance is the prolific mother of many
errors : the well informed know that the planets,
like ourselves, are obedient to the laws of God, and
move wherever he has commanded them : he alone
determines our fortunes.

5. There are many poor ignorant men, who in
order to obtain a livelihood pretend to read the
destinies of others in the firmament of Heaven,
and like jugglers exercise their calling.

6. Because of the avidity with which the hu*
man mind seeks to penetrate the future, it is no
wonder that the ignorant give ear to those who

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boldly pretend to divine ineQ^s fortunes from a
source so mysterious, and which few have know*
ledge enough to investigate.

7. There is a Persian story, which shews the fol*
ly of Astrology in a ludicrous, though just point
of view, and is worthy of being quoted here,

8. An Astrologer returned one day lo his own
house, and found a stranger seated with bis wife,
giving her sd much abuse, that both were fight-
ing to the disturbance of the whole neighbourhood.

9. A wise man reflecting upon this, said to the
Astrologer, How canst thou tell what is in the
firmament of heaveo, seeing that thou knowest
not what is in thine own house }

10. A king of Babylon, who dreamed a remarka-
ble dream, thus detected the ignorance of all the
Astrologers of his kingdom : he commanded them
to tell him both the dream and the interpretation.

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11. As thej could not do tbe iSrst thing the
king required, he concluded thej^ could not do the
last, and therefore proposed to put them to death
as deceivers and defrauders of mankind.

13. He who has emerged from darkness to light,
leaves those to grope about whom he has left
behind.

13. He who is acquainted with the wonders of
Astronomy, leaves the dreams and errors of Astro-
logy to the ignorant.

14. He who has thrown off his chains, values
liberty too much to put them on again ; over him
the incantations and predictions of priests, and
dreamers, and Astrologers have no power.

15. When we discover a few great errors in a
man’s opinions, we cease to respect his judgment
in other matters, and subject all bis assertions and
instructions to the scrutiny of examination.

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16. When we find a man teaching ug to belicTe
in Astrology, in lucky and unlucky dayg, we
may be pardoned for smiling at his ignorance,
and throwing off the shackles of his tuition in

other matters as well as these. Our own judg-
ment has become superior to his, and we must
follow its dictates, not his.

The henejit of Aetronomy to Man.

1. The study of Astronomy enlarges the mind,
as much as faith in Astrology enfeebles it. Astro-
nomy leads the mind up to God, and fills it with
sublime conceptions of his power and wisdom : on
a due'acquaintance with Astronomy depends the
perfection of Navigation, Geography, Chronology,
Commerce, and Dialling.

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2. B? the learne‘1 useful eakulalioni of
Astronomers the surface of pur jflobp has been
measured with scientific accuracr ; the distances
of kingdoms, capes, continents, and cities have
hpen litid down in miles and furlongs ; and above
all, by charts or maps, the great ocean is now
every « liere intersected by the lines of science, and
has b^'dtne a well hnown highway fpr our fleets
and navies.

3. By the knowledge of astronomy, the mariner
is enabled with his compass to guide his ship
tbrongh the pathless ocean, without an object to
direct hkn« except the moon and stars by night.

4. Thw the various productions of India, as
cottoa, indigo, sugar, silks, spices, salt|)etre,
vory, precious stones, &c. are carried to Europe.

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«

108

5. Aiul India receives in exchange the treasures
of Europe : clotli, lead, metals, telescopes, walclies,
mathematical instruments ; and, above all, the
uisdum of the best 'books, teaching science and
virtue, fur knowledge in which, the European
nations are famed.

6. But for Astrononi}', the pathless ocean would
be a barrier between the nations of the worUI,
and the distant inhabitants of the earth never
would have met.

7. Duly instructed in tliis science, the atlven-
turous mariner launches his ship into the deep,
laden with all the commerce, varieties, luxuries,
aniinajs, and inventions of foreign hinds.

8. And boldly spreads his sails to the breeze,
and guided only by his compass, and the sun and
the moon and stars of heaven, he weathers many
a midnight storm, a solitary uanderer in the nii<
iathuuiuble deep, until at length he reaches the
far distant port.

f09

0-''> ■ '■'I; c'i • ^ n L-_^

^ .,1 o-dT ^

j jhL.iU- J'^: ^ ^_ir

AT

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tjyi^i j^r‘T ^C\ ^

* (j » ^l?lt

/i V

> /,i /^/j:

• f fe, ,(^1

<^. i"o/yV i''!/ i^V' L^^.-.

* ‘ j/,, j» ^1 ^

•A ^

THE SOLAR SYSTEM,

Arranged in a new and familiar manner, so as to enable jouth to comprehend more clearly the relative

magnitude and dii^tauee of its parts',

.^"2 k

*51 « -I

y .•§ s

TS ^

^ ^.S
JtS.S

B

IS ^

^ ^
^ ’♦'j

5

"q:

1^1

Q

8 --2

J I -
J «

js S ^

3 li

ill

.l|i

3 ^ ^

•'» 5 5

I'^.r

I

^ 3

a tt ce

•S S «0

1

^ii

I

®s

= 11 -?

Table^shewing the Distance of the Planets from the Sun^ their slssesy rate of travelinig^ ^c.

Ill

30 years. 10 hrs., 6mns. Seven ^15 do.

2 secs.

VOCABULARY.

English,

K

Absurdity,

Account,

To Acknowledge.
Actro.

Air.

r

All. .

Almighty,

Amazing.

And.

Animal,

To Annihilate.

A. D. (Anno Domini.)
Answer.

Appears.

Appointed.

To Arrange.

To Ascertain,

Around,

' J

****^

^\3ykif4i ,

\}hjp

114

English,
Tb' Assert.
Astrology.
Astrofioniy. .
Attended.
August.

Avidity.

Awful.

Awe.

Axis.

B.

Balloon.

Bea.st.

Beautiful.

Because.

Breeze,

Being.

Beginning.

Belt.

Big.

Bird.

Blue.

Bodies.

Boldly.

Borrowed

Brief

ly

( 3 ^

u/Ulyt ,

tsA » ^

ill

^tglluk,

Brij^htest.

BWUknt.

Build,

By.

C.“

Cairn,

Caiuioii.

Car.

Centre.

Certainly.

Christian.

Chr -lology.
Close.

Cloth.

Cloud.

Comet.

Comparatively.

Commerce.

Compared.

Complication.

Compass.

Conceive.

Cotton.

Conclude.

Cooeiusion.

^l;1 ,

W

> (}i^ ■

c£^i

* is^*

11?

Sngtish.

Considered.

Contemplation.

Contrary.

Crafty.

Creator.

Crowd.

D.

Daily;»

Darkness.

Day.

Death.

Deceiver.

To Declare.
Deep..

Defrauder.

Deity.

Despise.

Desolate.

Destinies.

Divided.

Diameter.

Dialling.

Disk.

Disturbance.

Distance.

V^Jij

«><*

\s»y

, aJIyw 'ij

U^bUi

lo^

Axa«^ ^ o^ii
Jjii

kr*i^ ,

JcS

JJjwa

JSSttgfiiki

Down.

Dream.

E.

Earth.

Eclipses.

Emerged.

England.

Enormous.

Enlightened.

Erected.

Eternal.

Eut pe.

Evening.

Every.

Examination.

Exist.

To Expose.

Extended.

Exactly.

Eye.

F.

To Fall.

Fallen.

Fear.

Feel.

^UmJUoI

oUjtlar*

jy,»oUi

Englu/t,

Fiat.

Fieidt

Figures.

Finish.

Firmament.

Fixed.

Flat.

Flight.

To Fly.

Foreign.

Fcp^.

FofJBHtd.

Fowls.

Frankly.

Fighting.

Free,

Full.

Garnished.

Geography.

Glimmer.

Glory.

God.

Grandeur.
To Guide,

ImSi* , , JX4

4/^rW.

ujU-T , ^

“j’

M

ex;! fic

TI9

Mngfish.

H.

..f

•

To Hang.

H.air.

Haiul.

Handy-wovk.

Hath.

Heat.

Cf*/

Hilts.

ftiiu.

^ ^Ct>T

His.

Hon'

c^Us,

Ho .

Human.

I.

If.

j

Ignorance.

lllnstratiuii.

u>'*!

Imagination.

Immensity.

Incomprehensible.

Incantations.

Indigo.

Irtdiav

limit incrable;t

la so much.

120

BnglitA,

Inst,run)ent.

To Insult.

Intelligent.

Interpretation.

In vaind.

Invariably.

Inventions.

Invisible,

Incircled.

J.

-Jttii^ent.

lugller.

K.

Ktteping.

Kingly state.

To Know.

L,

Lands.

Large.

Lead.

Light.

Like.

Luminary.

Livelihood.

Lucky.

Luxuries,

Jfijfii. , Ulj

ut'i# f **fyl

dUji
^ s^lir*

*>UUt

UiU.'

*

'

<*iiU ,

English,

M.

121

Mariner.

JtyX6M y tjlAbil

Mattie Qiatical.

Matter.

lUe)*. , c&'AU

Million.

Men.

CT

Mercury.

Moon.

Metals.

lAjlitC

Mucli.

‘S'tl

Myster’ jus.

N.

Navigvitor.

Neighbourhood.

Never.

Neiv.

o.

Obedience.

Ocean.

Omnipotent.

Orbit.

Overwhelm.

u,/

Our.

P.

Pen.

''i#.

'M

. .tj'

Peculiar.

m

English,

People.

dUT

Perfection.

To Perisli.

Picture.

jir^

Pitinble.

Plain.

Pocket.

Poor.

Precious.

Prediction,

Pordon.

Pretend,

Prevailed, ^

Princely.

iiUlA

Proof,

Prevalent.

a

Quarter.

Quoted.

US ^J>c fts

R.

Race,

J3^

Ranged.

*>*^0 t—hjc

Rapid. if

>3^ >}it>

Rate.

Reason.

123

JBnglith,

Regular.

Red.

Rifle.

Remarkable

Resist.

Respect,

Rest.

To Revolve,

0

Revolution.

Riglit.

Ring
Rivi .

Rouiul*

S,

Saltpetre.

Scale,

S(;l)ooI.

Scrutiny.

Second.

Seems.

Scut.

Seated.

Sensible.

Sentences,

Shadow.

larlS , ^

tJ*

If ^Is

b «3

V ^

tr"

j A-iJCas^' '

»lf T , Jib

134

English,

Shackle.

Shell.

Shines.

Short.

Shot.

Shoat.

Silk.

Simitar.

Sky.

Slowly,

Siuoller.

Smiling.

Solar.

Solitary.

Source.

Space.

Spangle.

Speech.

Speed.

Speck.

Spice.

Spirit.

Spinning-top.

Stars.

Stock.

liUiU
•• ^

I

hji t

*1/

U^U

r-i;

Ajliialbl

»»

Jjb

i^jC

Jd tiji , c*Jl*

, (/>iS
<k&)

. «vr»

English,

125

Stones,

Storm,

Stores,

Straight.

Street.

Stranger,

Strip.

Studied,

Stupendous.

Strgar.

Sijppo te,

Sur|

Survi)

Sustain.

Swift.

T.

Tail.

Teeming.

Telescope,

Ten.

Terror.

Third.

Though.

Thus,

To Throw.

I

I

I

I

j

Nj , li

xs.

'^V ,

aL.

4

l»* !r«

v/' V , ^jiL

Ir^

' 9 -Jt

ms

126

EngUih,

Times.

Tower.

ToTirmI-

Tree.

Treasure.

Tuition.

To Turn.

V.

Vacant.

Valleys.

Vault.

Velocity.

Venus.

Very.

U.

Universal.

Unfathoiuabie.

Unlucky.

Upon.

Unseen.

W.

Watch.

Wo.

Weather.

Wife.

127

English,

Whirling.

Wisdom.

Whole.

Workmanship.

Wanderer.

Worship.

Y.

Yet.

, js»

Sjjo L^l

POETRY.

“ Stars ! that on your wondrous way
Travel through the spangled sky,
la there nothing you can aay
To Mak ? No message from on high ?”

“ Yes : methiuks I hear you aay,

Child of mortal race, attend !

While we run our wondrous way,
LisTEif ! we would he your friend,
Teaching you that name Divine,

By whose mighty word we shine.”

“ M/n ! as tr^j
Thrajjfh;*

Yovl

Suns Slid Planets pas#away,
SriRiTs never can decay !”

“ When some thousand years at most
All their little time have spent,

One by one, our sparkling host
Shall forsake the firmament.

We shall from our glory fall,

You must live beyond us all !

“ Oh ! then while yonr breath is given,
Let it rise in fervent prayer.

And beseech the God of Heaven
To receive your Spirit there,

Like a living star to blaze.

Ever to your Saviour’s praise.”